A novel mechanism by which N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide inhibits breast cancer cell growth: The production of nitric oxide

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells; however, the molecular basis by which 4-HPR induces apoptosis is not well understood. In breast cancer cells, nitric oxide (NO) is predominantly an apoptotic inducer. Apoptotic agents, such as phorbol ester, tumor necrosis factor-α, and peptide hormones, have been shown to increase NO production in breast cancer cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that the production of NO is vital for 4-HPR to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells. We found that 4-HPR induced NO production in a dose-dependent manner in all of the breast cancer cell lines tested. The degree of growth inhibition and apoptotic induction by 4-HPR was directly correlated with the amount of NO produced. To prove that NO is essential for 4-HPR to induce apoptosis, breast cancer cells were coincubated with a competitive NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N^G-monomethyl-L- arginine (L-NMMA), and 4-HPR. L-NMMA prevented 4-HPR from inducing inhibitory effects, indicating that NO is crucial for 4-HPR to induce its apoptotic effects in breast cancer cells. IFNs and tamoxifen (TAM) have been shown to potentiate 4-HPR effects in breast cancer cells. Both IFN-γ and TAM enhanced the ability of 4-HPR to induce NO production in breast cancer cells, which was correlated with increased apoptosis. Alone, 4-HPR increased expression of both inducible NOS (NOSII) and endothelial NOS (NOSIII). When combined with 4-HPR, IFN-γ and TAM enhanced NOSII expression. Thus, we have identified a novel mechanism by which 4-HPR induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells, i.e., by increasing NOS expression to induce NO production.