TY - JOUR
T1 - Aldosterone receptor blockers in the treatment of heart failure
AU - Deswal, Anita
AU - Yao, David
N1 - Funding Information:
Dr. Deswal is a recipient of an Advanced Clinical Research Career Develop-ment Award (CRCD #712A) from the Cooperative Studies Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs.
PY - 2004/8
Y1 - 2004/8
N2 - Heart failure is associated with neurohormonal activation, including activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Plasma aldosterone levels are elevated in patients with heart failure in spite of the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers because of angiotensin-independent stimuli for aldosterone production. In addition to its long recognized role in sodium retention, aldosterone has a number of other deleterious effects, including the increase in myocardial and vascular fibrosis and myocardial remodeling in patients with heart failure. Based on strong clinical trial data, low-dose aldosterone receptor blockers are recommended to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with severe chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction and in patients with heart failure associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction, and in patients already on standard therapy including ACE inhibitors (or angiotensin receptor blockers) and β blockers. In view of the potential for serious hyperkalemia with the use of aldosterone receptor blockers, it is essential to monitor serum potassium levels. Close adherence to the dosing regimens used in the clinical trials (RALES [Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study] and EPHESUS [Eplerenone Post-AMI Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study]) is recommended. These agents should not be initiated in patients with severe renal insufficiency and closer monitoring is warranted in those with mild to moderate renal insufficiency or diabetes.
AB - Heart failure is associated with neurohormonal activation, including activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Plasma aldosterone levels are elevated in patients with heart failure in spite of the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers because of angiotensin-independent stimuli for aldosterone production. In addition to its long recognized role in sodium retention, aldosterone has a number of other deleterious effects, including the increase in myocardial and vascular fibrosis and myocardial remodeling in patients with heart failure. Based on strong clinical trial data, low-dose aldosterone receptor blockers are recommended to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with severe chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction and in patients with heart failure associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction, and in patients already on standard therapy including ACE inhibitors (or angiotensin receptor blockers) and β blockers. In view of the potential for serious hyperkalemia with the use of aldosterone receptor blockers, it is essential to monitor serum potassium levels. Close adherence to the dosing regimens used in the clinical trials (RALES [Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study] and EPHESUS [Eplerenone Post-AMI Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study]) is recommended. These agents should not be initiated in patients with severe renal insufficiency and closer monitoring is warranted in those with mild to moderate renal insufficiency or diabetes.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=4344571005&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=4344571005&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s11936-004-0034-3
DO - 10.1007/s11936-004-0034-3
M3 - Review article
C2 - 15212727
AN - SCOPUS:4344571005
SN - 1092-8464
VL - 6
SP - 327
EP - 334
JO - Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine
JF - Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine
IS - 4
ER -