An angiographic study of the carotid arterial and jugular venous systems in the cat

Standard techniques for performing carotid angiography in dogs and in man were adapted to the cat in order to study the vascularization of both intracranial and extracranial structures. Venous drainage was examined by venography of selected vessels. The carotid‐cerebral and the vertebral‐basilar arterial systems of the cat were studied, although no attempt was made to define the territory supplied by each system. In serial angiograms, vascularization of the rete mirabile conjugatum was visualized, and distinct arterial and venous retia were delineated. Large facial veins were seen approximately one second after the intra‐arterial injection of radio‐contrast material. The early filling of the large facial veins appeared to be the result of an artery‐to‐venous shunt. Contrast material flowed posteriorly in these veins and drained into the venous rete. When contrast material was injected either into the sagittal sinus or retrograde in the external jugular vein, the internal jugular vein was visible in four of ten cats. This vessel drained blood directly from intracranial contents before anastomosis with the vertebral and external jugular veins.