Immune rejection of mouse tumors expressing Mutated self

How the immune system recognizes and responds to mutations expressed by cancer cells is a critical issue for cancer immunology. Mutated self-polypeptides are particularly strong tumor-specific rejection antigens for natural tumor immunity, but we know remarkably little about T-cell responses to mutated self during tumor growth in vivo, including levels of response, kinetics, and correlates that predict tumor rejection. To address these questions, a mutated self-antigen, designated tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrpl)- WM, derived from Tyrpl was expressed in the poorly immunogenic, spontaneously arising B16 melanoma and the immunogenic, chemically induced LiHa fibrosarcoma. Syngeneic mice challenged with LiHa fibrosarcoma cells expressing Tyrpl-WM, but not native Tyrpl, induced specific CD8 ⁺ and CD4 ⁺ T-cell responses against denned mutated epitopes in tumor-draining lymph nodes and in tumors. Subsequently, specific CD8 ⁺ T-cell responses contracted as a minority of tumors progressed. B16 melanomas expressing Tyrpl-WM induced minimal T-cell responses, and no tumor immunity was detected. Treatment with an agonist monoclonal antibody against glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related gene (GITR) increased the level of CD8 ⁺ T cells recognizing a peptide derived from the Tyrpl-WM sequence and the proportion of mice rejecting tumors. These results show that B16 tumors expressing mutations that generate strongly immunogenic epitopes naturally induce T-cell responses, which are insufficient to reject tumors. Immune modulation, such as inducing GITR signaling, is required to enhance CD8 ⁺ T-cell responses to specific mutations and to lead to tumor rejection.