Intraepithelial neoplasia of the lower genital tract (cervix, vagina, vulva): Etiology, Screening, Diagnosis, Management

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceedingChapter

1 Scopus citations

Abstract

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer and cancer-related deaths among women worldwide, with an estimated 570, 000 new cases and 311, 000 deaths annually. In May 2018, the director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO) announced a global call to action toward the elimination of cervical cancer (WHO, 2018). The focus of this initiative is on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where more than 85% of cervical cancer cases and deaths occur primarily because of a lack of organized screening programs (Bray, 2018). Cervical cancer was previously the leading cause of cancer-related death among women in the United States; however, the incidence and mortality has decreased by approximately 70% over the past 40 years. This decline largely is due to the introduction in 1941 of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, which led to a systemic effort to detect early cervical cancer and precancerous lesions (Papanicolaou, 1941); however, cervical cancer continues to be the first or second leading cause of cancer and cancer-related death among women in LMICs and many underserved parts of the United States because of the lack of organized screening and early detection programs. Cervical cancer is a preventable disease, with excellent tools for prevention (vaccination) and screening (Pap and human papillomavirus testing). Furthermore, there is a treatable preinvasive phase that lasts several years before progressing to invasive cancer.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Title of host publicationComprehensive Gynecology
PublisherElsevier
Pages637 and 647.e2
ISBN (Electronic)9780323653992
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 1 2021

Keywords

  • Cervical cancer
  • Cervical dysplasia
  • Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
  • Conization
  • Cryotherapy
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV)
  • Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
  • Pap test

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Medicine

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