Laboratory Evaluation and Pathological Workup of Neoplastic Monocytosis — Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia and Beyond

Purpose of Review: Monocytosis is a distinct but non-specific manifestation of various physiologic and pathologic conditions. Among hematopoietic stem cell neoplasms, depending on the criteria used for disease classification, monocytosis may be a consistent and integral component of diseases such as chronic myelomonocytic leukemia or acute myeloid leukemia with monocytic differentiation, or it may represent an inconsistent finding that often provides a clue to the underlying genetic changes driving the neoplasm. The purpose of this review is to provide the readers with a laboratory-based approach to neoplastic monocytosis. Recent Findings: In-depth elucidation of the genomic landscape of myeloid neoplasms within the past few years has broadened our understanding of monocytosis and its implications for diagnosis and prognosis. Genetic findings also shed light on potential disease response — or lack thereof — to various therapeutic agents used in the setting of myeloid neoplasms. Summary: In this review, we provide our approach to diagnose neoplastic monocytosis in the context of case-based studies while incorporating the most recent literature on this topic.