Paediatric tumours

This chapter discusses the incidence, aetiology, screening, presentation, diagnosis, and follow-up of paediatric tumours. Treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) focuses on achieving initial remission with induction therapy, followed by consolidation therapy to maintain and prolong remission. Osteoblastic osteosarcoma is the most common histological subtype followed by chondroblastic and fibroblastic subtypes. Paediatric lymphomas are divided into Hodgkin and non- Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Brain tumours are the second most common paediatric malignancy and the most common paediatric solid tumour. Embryonal tumours are the largest group of malignant brain tumours in paediatrics and can occur anywhere in the CNS. Neuroblastoma (NB), a small round blue cell neoplasm, is the most common extracranial malignant solid tumour of childhood. Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumour of childhood and constitutes 3% of cases of childhood cancers. Wilms tumour (WT), also known as nephroblastoma, arises from primitive metanephric blastemal cells.