Stepwise unfolding of bovine and human serum albumin by an anionic surfactant: An investigation using the proton transfer probe norharmane

Interactions of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with the transport proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) have been divulged using an external photoinduced proton transfer probe, norharmane (NHM). Steady-state fluorometry, time-resolved measurements, micropolarity analysis, circular dichroism (CD), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) have been exploited for the study. With the gradual addition of SDS to the probe-bound proteins, the fluorometric responses of the different prototropic species of NHM exhibit an opposite pattern as to that observed while NHM binds to the proteins. The study reveals a sequential unfolding of the serum proteins with the gradual addition of SDS. ITC measures the heat changes associated with each step of the unfolding. ITC experiments, carried out at two different pHs, elucidate the nature of interaction between SDS and the two serum proteins. At a very high concentration of SDS, the external probe (NHM) is found to be dislodged from the protein environments to bind to the SDS micellar medium.