Temperature mapping of exothermic in situ chemistry: imaging of thermoembolization via MR

Purpose: MR temperature imaging (MRTI) was employed for visualizing the spatiotemporal evolution of the exotherm of thermoembolization, an investigative transarterial treatment for solid tumors. Materials and methods: Five explanted kidneys were injected with thermoembolic solutions, and monitored by MRTI. In three nonselective experiments, 5 ml of 4 mol/l dichloroacetyl chloride (DCA-Cl) solution in a hydrocarbon vehicle was injected via the main renal artery. For two of these three, MRTI temperature data were compared to fiber optic thermal probes. Another two kidneys received selective injections, treating only portions of the kidneys with 1 ml of 2 mol/l DCA-Cl. MRTI data were acquired and compared to changes in pre- and post-injection CT. Specimens were bisected and photographed for gross pathology 24 h post-procedure. Results: MRTI temperature estimates were within ±1 °C of the probes. In experiments without probes, MRTI measured increases of 30 °C. Some regions had not reached peak temperature by the end of the >18 min acquisition. MRTI indicated the initial heating occurred in the renal cortex, gradually spreading more proximally toward the main renal artery. Gross pathology showed the nonselective injection denatured the entire kidney whereas in the selective injections, only the treated territory was coagulated. Conclusion: The spatiotemporal evolution of thermoembolization was visualized for the first time using noninvasive MRTI, providing unique insight into the thermodynamics of thermoembolization. Précis Thermoembolization is being investigated as a novel transarterial treatment. In order to begin to characterize delivery of this novel treatment modality and aid translation from the laboratory to patients, we employ MR temperature imaging to visualize the spatiotemporal distribution of temperature from thermoembolization in ex vivo tissue.