TY - JOUR
T1 - The neglected brothers come of age
T2 - B cells and cancer
AU - Shalapour, Shabnam
AU - Karin, Michael
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2021/2
Y1 - 2021/2
N2 - The opposing roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in suppressing or supporting cancer initiation, progression, metastasis and response to therapy has been long debated. The mechanisms by which different monocyte and T cell subtypes affect and modulate cancer have been extensively studied. However, the role of B cells and their subtypes have remained elusive, perhaps partially due to their heterogeneity and range of actions. B cells can produce a variety of cytokines and present tumor-derived antigens to T cells in combination with co-stimulatory or inhibitory ligands based on their phenotype. Unlike most T cells, B cells can be activated by innate immune stimuli, such as endotoxin. Furthermore, the isotype and specificity of the antibodies produced by plasma cells regulate distinct immune responses, including opsonization, antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement activation. B cells are shaped by the tumor environment (TME), with the capability to regulate the TME in return. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of B cell action, including cytokine production, antigen presentation, ADCC, opsonization, complement activation and how they affect tumor development and response to immunotherapy. We will also discuss how B cell fate within the TME is affected by tumor stroma, microbiome and metabolism.
AB - The opposing roles of innate and adaptive immune cells in suppressing or supporting cancer initiation, progression, metastasis and response to therapy has been long debated. The mechanisms by which different monocyte and T cell subtypes affect and modulate cancer have been extensively studied. However, the role of B cells and their subtypes have remained elusive, perhaps partially due to their heterogeneity and range of actions. B cells can produce a variety of cytokines and present tumor-derived antigens to T cells in combination with co-stimulatory or inhibitory ligands based on their phenotype. Unlike most T cells, B cells can be activated by innate immune stimuli, such as endotoxin. Furthermore, the isotype and specificity of the antibodies produced by plasma cells regulate distinct immune responses, including opsonization, antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement activation. B cells are shaped by the tumor environment (TME), with the capability to regulate the TME in return. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of B cell action, including cytokine production, antigen presentation, ADCC, opsonization, complement activation and how they affect tumor development and response to immunotherapy. We will also discuss how B cell fate within the TME is affected by tumor stroma, microbiome and metabolism.
KW - Anti-tumor immunity
KW - B cells
KW - Cancer
KW - Humoral immunity
KW - Immunotherapy
KW - Plasma cells
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85108950194&partnerID=8YFLogxK
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U2 - 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101479
DO - 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101479
M3 - Review article
C2 - 34215491
AN - SCOPUS:85108950194
SN - 1044-5323
VL - 52
JO - Seminars in immunology
JF - Seminars in immunology
M1 - 101479
ER -