A Feasibility Study on Deep Learning Reconstruction to Improve Image Quality with PROPELLER Acquisition in the Setting of T2-Weighted Gynecologic Pelvic Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objectives Evaluate deep learning (DL) to improve the image quality of the PROPELLER (Periodically Rotated Overlapping Parallel Lines with Enhanced Reconstruction technique) for 3 T magnetic resonance imaging of the female pelvis. Methods Three radiologists prospectively and independently compared non-DL and DL PROPELLER sequences from 20 patients with a history of gynecologic malignancy. Sequences with different noise reduction factors (DL 25%, DL 50%, and DL 75%) were blindly reviewed and scored based on artifacts, noise, relative sharpness, and overall image quality. The generalized estimating equation method was used to assess the effect of methods on the Likert scales. Quantitatively, the contrast-to-noise ratio and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the iliac muscle were calculated, and pairwise comparisons were performed based on a linear mixed model. P values were adjusted using the Dunnett method. Interobserver agreement was assessed using the κ statistic. P value was considered statistically significant at less than 0.05. Results Qualitatively, DL 50 and DL 75 were ranked as the best sequences in 86% of cases. Images generated by the DL method were significantly better than non-DL images (P < 0.0001). Iliacus muscle SNR on DL 50 and DL 75 was significantly better than non-DL images (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in contrast-to-noise ratio between the DL and non-DL techniques in the iliac muscle. There was a high percent agreement (97.1%) in terms of DL sequences' superior image quality (97.1%) and sharpness (100%) relative to non-DL images. Conclusion The utilization of DL reconstruction improves the image quality of PROPELLER sequences with improved SNR quantitatively.