CD28-induced T cell activation: Evidence for a protein-tyrosine kinase signal transduction pathway

CD28 is a 44-kDa homodimeric receptor expressed on the majority of T cells. Engagement of the CD28 receptor by soluble anti-CD28 mAb in conjunction with PMA causes the induction of lymphokine/cytokine production and proliferation in resting T cells via signal transduction pathways independent of the TCR. The precise nature of the biochemical events that occur after perturbation of the CD28 receptor remain unclear. We report evidence for the coupling of CD28 to a protein-tyrosine kinase pathway. Multivalent cross-linking of the CD28 receptor or stimulation by soluble CD28 mAb plus PMA, but not PMA or soluble CD28 mAb alone, reproducibly caused the rapid (within 2 min) tyrosine phosphorylation of a 100-kDa cellular substrate. In some experiments, additional cellular substrates of 110, 85, 74, 68, 56, 43, and 29 kDa were also observed. The tyrosine phosphorylation of these substrates was completely inhibited by 12 h pretreatment of T cells with herbimycin A, a selective inhibitor of src-family protein-tyrosine kinases. Pretreatment of T cells with herbimycin was without effect on CD28 surface expression but did inhibit CD28 mAb plus PMA- induced IL-2 mRNA levels, IL-2R(CD25) up-regulation, and cell proliferation. The inhibition of IL-2 mRNA levels was likely at the level of transcription, because herbimycin inhibited NF-AT, AP-1, and CD28RC but not NF-κB or OCT-1 binding activities to their respective IL-2 enhancer region sequences. Herbimycin did not inhibit PMA-dependent events including CD69 surface expression, NF-κB nuclear binding activity or the level of CD25 induced by PMA alone, supporting the notion that herbimycin is acting to inhibit a CD28 initiated or regulated protein-tyrosine kinase pathway(s).