Correlation of medical and neurosurgical events with neuropsychological status in children at diagnosis of astrocytoma: Utilization of a neurological severity score

Neuropsychological studies of children who have brain tumors have yielded diverse results with respect to identifying factors that contribute to poor intellectual outcome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pre- and perioperative events, tumor-related factors, and the neuropsychological status of children diagnosed with astrocytoma. Events that could potentially be detrimental to neuropsychological outcome were quantified utilizing a new 'neurological severity score.' The Neurological Severity Score was developed as a research tool to test our hypothesis that ultimate intellectual outcome is a result of cumulative, interactive insults on the central nervous system. This study constitutes a first step in examining the predictive value of the Neurological Severity Score by evaluating its correlation with baseline neuropsychological status. Fifty-nine children who had astrocytoma (36 supratentorial and 23 infratentorial) received complete neurological and neuropsychological evaluations within 3 months of diagnosis. Each child's neurological history and examination results were scored by an independent observer using the Neurological Severity Score. Neuroimages obtained at diagnosis and at the time of neuropsychological testing were evaluated as well. For the group as a whole, memory, attention, and motor abilities were significantly below age- appropriate norms, whereas intelligence, language, and academic skills were preserved. Patterns of deficits were identified and related to tumor site. There were no significant differences in mean neuropsychological domain scores between groups based on gender, pre- versus post-operative status, ethnicity, tumor grade, or abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The Neurological Severity Score was significantly inversely correlated with visual-spatial skills, memory, attention, performance IQ, and global IQ. In conclusion, among all the medical and neurological factors present at diagnosis, the neurological severity score had the highest correlation with neuropsychological scores. This instrument has promise as a research tool in investigations of the psychological effects of cancer and its treatment on children.