Durvalumab-induced Pure White Cell Aplasia

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have gained approval as a treatment for a wide array of cancers. Their mechanism of action prevents the inactivation of cytotoxic T-cells, allowing for its cytotoxic response. However, the upregulation of the immune system by ICI also leads to many undesired adverse events known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs), ranging from dermatologic manifestations, such as rashes, to inflammation of mucous membranes, to hematologic toxicities. Here, we report a case of ICI-induced pure white cell aplasia, secondary to the agent durvalumab, which responded to treatment with filgrastim, prednisone, and cyclosporine. ICI-neutropenia accounts for 0.6% of all irAEs or 17% of hematologic irAEs. Given the rarity of hematologic irAEs, the available treatment guidelines are based on expert consensus. As ICI becomes more widely used, we can expect an increase in the prevalence of rare irAEs as well. This case report aims to present a rare side effect of ICI and demonstrate its response to immunosuppressive therapy while providing guidance for future clinicians and further elucidating the mechanism behind these irAEs.