Estrogen-regulated feedback loop limits the efficacy of estrogen receptor–targeted breast cancer therapy

Endocrine therapy resistance invariably develops in advanced estrogen receptor-positive (ER⁺) breast cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We have identified C-terminal SRC kinase (CSK) as a critical node in a previously unappreciated negative feedback loop that limits the efficacy of current ER-targeted therapies. Estrogen directly drives CSK expression in ER⁺ breast cancer. At low CSK levels, as is the case in patients with ER⁺ breast cancer resistant to endocrine therapy and with the poorest outcomes, the p21 protein-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) becomes activated and drives estrogen-independent growth. PAK2 overexpression is also associated with endocrine therapy resistance and worse clinical outcome, and the combination of a PAK2 inhibitor with an ER antagonist syn-ergistically suppressed breast tumor growth. Clinical approaches to endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer must overcome the loss of this estrogen-induced negative feedback loop that normally constrains the growth of ER⁺ tumors.