TY - JOUR
T1 - Fibrinogen-like protein 2
T2 - Its biological function across cell types and the potential to serve as an immunotherapy target for brain tumors
AU - Zhang, Sheng
AU - Rao, Ganesh
AU - Heimberger, Amy
AU - Li, Shulin
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2023/2
Y1 - 2023/2
N2 - Brain tumors are among the 10 leading causes of cancer-related death and present unique treatment challenges due to their critical location, genetic heterogeneity, and the blood-brain barrier. Recent advances in targeted immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blocking therapy provide alternative therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), which induces transformation from low-grade glioma to high-grade glioblastoma, is a type II membrane protein that is highly expressed in both host immune cells and tumor cells. Studies have uncovered multiple forms of FGL2 proteins with a broad range of roles in inducing immune tolerance and avoiding immune surveillance in tumor cells. Of note, presence of FGL2 transforms low grade to high grade brain tumors via promoting Treg, macrophages, and perhaps stemness. Absence (knockout) of FGL2 in tumor cells (not in host cells) induces CD103 DC cells, which triggers tumor specific CD8 +T cell activity to reject brain tumor progression. Immunotherapies targeting FGL2 have shown great promise in improving survival time in murine models. In this article, we will summarize the biological function of FGL2 in immune and tumor cells.
AB - Brain tumors are among the 10 leading causes of cancer-related death and present unique treatment challenges due to their critical location, genetic heterogeneity, and the blood-brain barrier. Recent advances in targeted immunotherapy and immune checkpoint blocking therapy provide alternative therapeutic strategies for brain tumors. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), which induces transformation from low-grade glioma to high-grade glioblastoma, is a type II membrane protein that is highly expressed in both host immune cells and tumor cells. Studies have uncovered multiple forms of FGL2 proteins with a broad range of roles in inducing immune tolerance and avoiding immune surveillance in tumor cells. Of note, presence of FGL2 transforms low grade to high grade brain tumors via promoting Treg, macrophages, and perhaps stemness. Absence (knockout) of FGL2 in tumor cells (not in host cells) induces CD103 DC cells, which triggers tumor specific CD8 +T cell activity to reject brain tumor progression. Immunotherapies targeting FGL2 have shown great promise in improving survival time in murine models. In this article, we will summarize the biological function of FGL2 in immune and tumor cells.
KW - Brain tumors
KW - Fibrinogen-like protein 2
KW - Immunotherapy
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U2 - 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.08.004
DO - 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.08.004
M3 - Review article
C2 - 36085259
AN - SCOPUS:85137383944
SN - 1359-6101
VL - 69
SP - 73
EP - 79
JO - Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews
JF - Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews
ER -