Fungal infections in primary and acquired immunodeficiencies

IFIs are important causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with either primary or acquired immunodeficiency. A wide spectrum of invasive mold and yeast infections are variably implicated depending on the type of immune deficit. A high index of suspicion is needed as prompt diagnosis of IFIs remains a challenge. Establishment of diagnosis is based on host factors, clinical evidence, and microbiological examination. Advancement in molecular diagnostic methods (e.g. serum biomarkers such as 1,3-ß-D-glucan or galactomannan) and high-resolution radiological imaging has improved our diagnostic evaluation. The antifungal armamentarium has expanded rapidly in the past few decades.