Further evidence for chemopreventive potential of β-carotene against experimental carcinogenesis: Diethylnitrosamine-initiated and phenobarbital-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis is prevented more effectively by β-carotene than by retinoic acid

The comparative effectiveness of β-carotene (BC) and retinoic acid (RA) was investigated against two-stage rat liver carcinogenesis initiated by a single injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 200 mg/kg ip) followed by promotion with phenobarbital (PB, 0.05%) in a basal diet. BC (500 mg/kg) or RA (200 mg/kg) was administered per os daily throughout the entire experiment, before the initiation, or during the promotional stage. Treatment with BC throughout the experiment or before initiation significantly reduced the incidence (p < 0.01), multiplicity (p < 0.05), and size of visible subcapsular hepatocyte nodules (HNs) and reduced (p < 0.001 or 0.05) nodular volume as a percentage of liver volume. The results with RA were of lesser extent than those observed with BC. There was a considerable depletion of hepatic BC and total vitamin A (retinol + ester) in HNs and nonnodular surrounding parenchyma (NNSP) of rats subjected to the DEN-PB regimen than their control counterparts. Treatment with BC significantly elevated hepatic BC and total vitamin A contents in HNs and NNSP compared with DEN-PB control, and the elevation was proportional to the duration of BC treatment. Long-term BC or RA treatment elicited a substantial decrement in reduced glutathione content and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity and an increment in cytochrome P-450 content and glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities in the HNs and NNSP, which were otherwise reversed in rats that received DEN-PB treatment alone. Our results suggest that BC or RA has the potential to inhibit DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis through selective modulation of the antioxidant defense system and xenobiotic detoxification in the liver. It is also apparent that the beneficial effect of BC or RA is primarily exerted on the initiation phase and secondarily during the promotional stage of DEN-initiated rat liver carcinogenesis and that BC affords a better chemopreventive response than RA.