Highly metastatic human prostate cancer growing within the prostate of athymic mice overexpresses vascular endothelial growth factor

Angiogenesis is essential for tumor progression and metastasis. It is mediated by the release of angiogenic factors by the tumor or host. We analyzed the expression of angiogenic factors by the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP and two derived variants, in vitro and in vivo, to determine whether metastatic cell lines express higher levels of these factors. The production of three angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and interleukin 8 (IL-8), by LNCaP and its variants, LNCaP-LN3 (highly metastatic) and LNCaP-Pro5 (slightly metastatic), was measured by ELISA. VEGF, bFGF, and IL-8 mRNA expression was determined in vitro by Northern blot analysis. VEGF mRNA expression was determined in vivo by in situ hybridization. VEGF and flk-1 protein expression and microvessel density of LNCaP cell tumors were quantified by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, VEGF production by LNCaP-LN3 (3.15 ± 0.04 pg/ml/10³ cells) was significantly higher than those of both LNCaP (2.38 ± 0.34 pg/ml/10³ cells) and LNCaP-Pro5 (1.67 ± 0.37 pg/ml/10³ cells; P = 0.049 and 0.001, respectively). None of the three cell lines produced detectable levels of bFGF or IL-8 in vitro. In vivo, LNCaP-LN3 tumors exhibited higher levels of VEGF mRNA and protein (152.2 ± 28.5 and 200.5 ± 28.3) and of flk-1 protein (156.5 ± 20.6) and had higher microvessel density (16.4 ± 4.2) than either LNCaP tumors (89 ± 17.5, 173.3 ± 23.0, 124.6 ± 21.6, and 12.4 ± 3.5, respectively) or LNCaP-Pro5 tumors (63 ± 14.7, 141.2 ± 38.1, 126.1 ± 20, and 5.8 ± 2.2, respectively). In conclusion, metastatic human prostate cancer cells exhibited enhanced VEGF production and tumor vascularity compared with prostate cancer cells of lower metastatic potential. Thus, VEGF may play an important role in prostate cancer metastasis.