Invasive mould sinusitis in patients with haematological malignancies: A 10 year single-centre study

Objectives: Invasive mould sinusitis (IMS) is a severe infection in patients with haematological malignancies. Because of a paucity of contemporaneous data about IMS, we sought to evaluate clinical aspects and outcome of IMS in these patients. Methods: The records of adult haematological malignancy patients with proven or probable IMS over a 10 year period were reviewed retrospectively. Results: We identified 44 patients with IMS. Mucorales were isolated in 13 (35.1%) patients and Fusarium and Aspergillus were isolated in 9 (24.3%) patients each. Patients with IMS owing to Mucorales were more likely to have a history of diabetes mellitus (P=0.003) and high-dose corticosteroid use (P=0.03). Thirty-five (80%) patients received antifungal combinations and 36 (82%) underwent surgical debridement. The 12 week IMS-attributable mortality was 36.4% (16 patients). A relapsed and/or refractory haematological malignancy was an independent risk factor for 6 week IMS-attributable (P=0.038), 12 week all-cause (P=0.005) and 12 week IMS-attributable (P=0.0015) mortality. Neutrophil count <100/μL and lymphocyte count <200/μL were associated with increased 12 week IMS-attributable and 6 week all-cause mortality, respectively (P=0.044 and 0.013). IMS due to Aspergillus was an independent risk factor for both 12 week all-cause (P=0.011) and IMS-attributable (P=0.026) mortality. Initial antifungal therapy with a triazole-containing regimen was associated with decreased 6 week all-cause (P=0.032) and IMS-attributable (P=0.038) mortality. Surgery was not an independent factor for improved outcome. Conclusions: Despite combined medical and surgical therapy, IMS had high mortality. Mortality risk factors were relapsed and/or refractory malignancy, cytopenia and Aspergillus infection in this study.