TY - JOUR
T1 - Mathematical modeling of mass and energy transport for thermoembolization
AU - Fuentes, David
AU - Fahrenholtz, Samuel J.
AU - Guo, Chunxiao
AU - MacLellan, Christopher J.
AU - Layman, Rick R.
AU - Rivière, Beatrice
AU - Stafford, R. Jason
AU - Cressman, Erik
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020, © 2020 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
PY - 2020/1/1
Y1 - 2020/1/1
N2 - Background: Thermoembolization presents a unique treatment alternative for patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma. The approach delivers a reagent that undergoes an exothermic chemical reaction and combines the benefits of embolic as well as thermal- and chemical-ablative therapy modalities. The target tissue and vascular bed are subjected to simultaneous hyperthermia, ischemia, and chemical denaturation in a single procedure. To guide optimal delivery, we developed a mathematical model for understanding the competing diffusive and convective effects observed in thermoembolization delivery protocols. Methods: A mixture theory formulation was used to mathematically model thermoembolization as chemically reacting transport of an electrophile, dichloroacetyl chloride (DCACl), within porous living tissue. Mass and energy transport of each relevant constituent are considered. Specifically, DCACl is injected into the vessels and exothermically reacts with water in the blood or tissue to form dichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid. Neutralization reactions are assumed instantaneous in this approach. We validated the mathematical model predictions of temperature using MR thermometry of the thermoembolization procedure performed in ex vivo kidney. Results: Mathematical modeling predictions of tissue death were highly dependent on the vascular geometry, injection pressure, and intrinsic amount of exothermic energy released from the chemical species, and were able to recapitulate the temperature distributions observed in MR thermometry. Conclusion: These efforts present a first step toward formalizing a mathematical model for thermoembolization and are promising for providing insight for delivery protocol optimization. While our approach captured the observed experimental temperature measurements, larger-scale experimental validation is needed to prioritize additional model complexity and fidelity.
AB - Background: Thermoembolization presents a unique treatment alternative for patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma. The approach delivers a reagent that undergoes an exothermic chemical reaction and combines the benefits of embolic as well as thermal- and chemical-ablative therapy modalities. The target tissue and vascular bed are subjected to simultaneous hyperthermia, ischemia, and chemical denaturation in a single procedure. To guide optimal delivery, we developed a mathematical model for understanding the competing diffusive and convective effects observed in thermoembolization delivery protocols. Methods: A mixture theory formulation was used to mathematically model thermoembolization as chemically reacting transport of an electrophile, dichloroacetyl chloride (DCACl), within porous living tissue. Mass and energy transport of each relevant constituent are considered. Specifically, DCACl is injected into the vessels and exothermically reacts with water in the blood or tissue to form dichloroacetic acid and hydrochloric acid. Neutralization reactions are assumed instantaneous in this approach. We validated the mathematical model predictions of temperature using MR thermometry of the thermoembolization procedure performed in ex vivo kidney. Results: Mathematical modeling predictions of tissue death were highly dependent on the vascular geometry, injection pressure, and intrinsic amount of exothermic energy released from the chemical species, and were able to recapitulate the temperature distributions observed in MR thermometry. Conclusion: These efforts present a first step toward formalizing a mathematical model for thermoembolization and are promising for providing insight for delivery protocol optimization. While our approach captured the observed experimental temperature measurements, larger-scale experimental validation is needed to prioritize additional model complexity and fidelity.
KW - Bioheat transfer
KW - embolization
KW - finite elements
KW - hepatocellular carcinoma
KW - transcatheter chemistry
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U2 - 10.1080/02656736.2020.1749317
DO - 10.1080/02656736.2020.1749317
M3 - Article
C2 - 32308071
AN - SCOPUS:85083649334
SN - 0265-6736
VL - 37
SP - 356
EP - 365
JO - International Journal of Hyperthermia
JF - International Journal of Hyperthermia
IS - 1
ER -