TY - JOUR
T1 - Mechanisms of immune activation and regulation
T2 - lessons from melanoma
AU - Kalaora, Shelly
AU - Nagler, Adi
AU - Wargo, Jennifer A.
AU - Samuels, Yardena
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Intramural Research Programs of the National Cancer Institute. Y.S. is supported by the Israel Science Foundation grant No. 696/17, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 754282), the ERC (CoG-770854), the Melanoma Research Alliance (MRA) (#622106), a grant from the CNIO-Weizmann Institute–Ramon Areces Foundation cooperation program, International Collaboration Grant from the Jacki and Bruce Barron Cancer Research Scholars’ Program, a partnership of the ICRF and City of Hope, as supported by The Harvey L. Miller Family Foundation, the Minerva Foundation with funding from the Federal German Ministry for Education and Research, the Rising Tide Foundation, the Henry Chanoch Krenter Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Genomics, the Estate of Alice Schwarz-Gardos, the Estate of John Hunter, the Knell Family, the Peter and Patricia Gruber Award, and the Hamburger Family. J.A.W. is supported by generous philanthropic contributions to the University of Texas MD Anderson Moon Shots Program for support of tumour-line generation.
Funding Information:
This work was supported by the Intramural Research Programs of the National Cancer Institute. Y.S. is supported by the Israel Science Foundation grant No. 696/17, the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union?s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 754282), the ERC (CoG-770854), the Melanoma Research Alliance (MRA) (#622106), a grant from the CNIO-Weizmann Institute?Ramon Areces Foundation cooperation program, International Collaboration Grant from the Jacki and Bruce Barron Cancer Research Scholars? Program, a partnership of the ICRF and City of Hope, as supported by The Harvey L. Miller Family Foundation, the Minerva Foundation with funding from the Federal German Ministry for Education and Research, the Rising Tide Foundation, the Henry Chanoch Krenter Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Genomics, the Estate of Alice Schwarz-Gardos, the Estate of John Hunter, the Knell Family, the Peter and Patricia Gruber Award, and the Hamburger Family. J.A.W. is supported by generous philanthropic contributions to the University of Texas MD Anderson Moon Shots Program for support of tumour-line generation.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, Springer Nature Limited.
PY - 2022/4
Y1 - 2022/4
N2 - Melanoma, a skin cancer that develops from pigment cells, has been studied intensively, particularly in terms of the immune response to tumours, and has been used as a model for the development of immunotherapy. This is due, in part, to the high mutational burden observed in melanomas, which increases both their immunogenicity and the infiltration of immune cells into the tumours, compared with other types of cancers. The immune response to melanomas involves a complex set of components and interactions. As the tumour evolves, it accumulates an increasing number of genetic and epigenetic alterations, some of which contribute to the immunogenicity of the tumour cells and the infiltration of immune cells. However, tumour evolution also enables the development of resistance mechanisms, which, in turn, lead to tumour immune escape. Understanding the interactions between melanoma tumour cells and the immune system, and the evolving changes within the melanoma tumour cells, the immune system and the microenvironment, is essential for the development of new cancer therapies. However, current research suggests that other extrinsic factors, such as the microbiome, may play a role in the immune response to melanomas. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the immune response in the tumour and discuss recent advances as well as strategies for treatment development.
AB - Melanoma, a skin cancer that develops from pigment cells, has been studied intensively, particularly in terms of the immune response to tumours, and has been used as a model for the development of immunotherapy. This is due, in part, to the high mutational burden observed in melanomas, which increases both their immunogenicity and the infiltration of immune cells into the tumours, compared with other types of cancers. The immune response to melanomas involves a complex set of components and interactions. As the tumour evolves, it accumulates an increasing number of genetic and epigenetic alterations, some of which contribute to the immunogenicity of the tumour cells and the infiltration of immune cells. However, tumour evolution also enables the development of resistance mechanisms, which, in turn, lead to tumour immune escape. Understanding the interactions between melanoma tumour cells and the immune system, and the evolving changes within the melanoma tumour cells, the immune system and the microenvironment, is essential for the development of new cancer therapies. However, current research suggests that other extrinsic factors, such as the microbiome, may play a role in the immune response to melanomas. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the immune response in the tumour and discuss recent advances as well as strategies for treatment development.
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UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85124018745&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1038/s41568-022-00442-9
DO - 10.1038/s41568-022-00442-9
M3 - Review article
C2 - 35105962
AN - SCOPUS:85124018745
SN - 1474-175X
VL - 22
SP - 195
EP - 207
JO - Nature Reviews Cancer
JF - Nature Reviews Cancer
IS - 4
ER -