Abstract
Cancer vaccines designed to augment effector T-cell responses have been disappointing with respect to clinical efficacy. This lack of effectiveness may be due to the fact that regulatory mechanisms, both intrinsic and extrinsic to activated T cells, play important roles in inhibiting vaccine-induced effector T-cell responses. This concept raises the possibility that blockade of these regulatory checkpoints might enhance anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we discuss several regulatory mechanisms that act to control effector T-cell responses and identify strategies to circumvent these mechanisms in order to improve clinical responses.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 89-105 |
Number of pages | 17 |
Journal | Expert Review of Vaccines |
Volume | 9 |
Issue number | 1 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Jan 2010 |
Keywords
- CTLA-4
- Immune regulation
- Immunotherapy myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- PD-1
- Regulatory T cells
- T cells
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Immunology
- Molecular Medicine
- Pharmacology
- Drug Discovery