Neurology

Immune checkpoint blockade by antibodies has revolutionized oncological care in recent years moving from investigative protocols to frontline therapy. Increased use in multiple cancers leads to greater recognition of immunotoxicity across multiple disciplines. Providers including neurologists need to recognize the central and peripheral nervous system inflammatory autoimmune conditions, as these therapies unleash unrestrained T cells [1]. Compared to the classic inflammatory conditions, these tend to be different with marked variability in clinical presentation, disease course, and response to therapy. Our continued identification of the various clinical manifestations, refining clinical examination and advancing radiological and laboratory and tissue biomarkers, will continue to advance our understanding and better treatment of these toxicities. This chapter highlights the heterogeneous variable clinical presentations along the neural axis, principles of treatment, and therapies available to treat.