TY - JOUR
T1 - Oncologic imaging of the lymphatic system
T2 - Current perspective with multi-modality imaging and new horizon
AU - Elshikh, Mohamed
AU - Moawad, Ahmed W.
AU - Salem, Usama
AU - Klimkowski, Sergio P.
AU - Hassan, Talaat
AU - Korivi, Brinda Rao
AU - Jensen, Corey T.
AU - Javadi, Sanaz
AU - Elsayes, Khaled M.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/9
Y1 - 2021/9
N2 - The lymphatic system is an anatomically complex vascular network that is responsible for interstitial fluid homeostasis, transport of large interstitial particles and cells, immunity, and lipid absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. This network of specially adapted vessels and lymphoid tissue provides a major pathway for metastatic spread. Many malignancies produce vascular endothelial factors that induce tumoral and peritumoral lymphangiogenesis, increasing the likelihood for lymphatic spread. Radiologic evaluation for disease staging is the cornerstone of oncologic patient treatment and management. Multiple imaging modalities are available to access both local and distant metastasis. In this manuscript, we review the anatomy, physiology, and imaging of the lymphatic system.
AB - The lymphatic system is an anatomically complex vascular network that is responsible for interstitial fluid homeostasis, transport of large interstitial particles and cells, immunity, and lipid absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. This network of specially adapted vessels and lymphoid tissue provides a major pathway for metastatic spread. Many malignancies produce vascular endothelial factors that induce tumoral and peritumoral lymphangiogenesis, increasing the likelihood for lymphatic spread. Radiologic evaluation for disease staging is the cornerstone of oncologic patient treatment and management. Multiple imaging modalities are available to access both local and distant metastasis. In this manuscript, we review the anatomy, physiology, and imaging of the lymphatic system.
KW - Conventional lymphography
KW - Lymphangiography
KW - Lymphatic metastasis
KW - Lymphatic system anatomy
KW - Lymphatic system imaging
KW - Lymphatic system physiology
KW - Lymphoscintigraphy
KW - Magnetic resonance lymphangiogra-phy
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U2 - 10.3390/cancers13184554
DO - 10.3390/cancers13184554
M3 - Review article
C2 - 34572781
AN - SCOPUS:85114465042
SN - 2072-6694
VL - 13
JO - Cancers
JF - Cancers
IS - 18
M1 - 4554
ER -