Abstract
Transitional cell carcinomas are divided into superficial and muscle- invasive tumors. Most of them are superficial tumors; and approximately 15- 20% are muscle-invasive carcinomas. Pathologists play a significant role in diagnosing bladder tumors and in reporting features important for determining prognosis. We will review the cytologic and histopathologic features that help determine prognosis, including depth of invasion, tumor grade, multicentricity, tumor size, and the presence of vascular/lymphatic invasion, blood group antigen expression, proliferative indices, and molecular markers. Brief mention will be made of specimen handling, interpretation, reporting, and histologic variants of transitional cell carcinoma.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 307-318 |
Number of pages | 12 |
Journal | Seminars in Surgical Oncology |
Volume | 13 |
Issue number | 5 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Sep 1997 |
Keywords
- Antigens
- Biological tumor markers
- Biopsy
- Bladder neoplasms
- Blood groups
- Cystectomy
- Differential diagnosis
- Neoplasm invasiveness
- Neoplasm staging
- Prognosis
- Survival rate
- Transitional cell carcinoma
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Surgery
- Oncology