TY - JOUR
T1 - Potential barriers to therapeutics utilizing pluripotent cell derivatives
T2 - Intrinsic immunogenicity of in vitro maintained and matured populations
AU - Tang, Chad
AU - Drukker, Micha
N1 - Copyright:
Copyright 2012 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2011/11/1
Y1 - 2011/11/1
N2 - The potential to develop into any tissue makes pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) one of the most promising sources for cellular therapeutics. However, numerous hurdles exist to their clinical applications, three of the most concerning include the inability to separate therapeutic population from heterogeneously differentiated cultures, the risk of teratoma formation from residual pluripotent cells, and immunologic rejection of engrafted cells. The recent development of induced PSCs has been proposed as a solution to the histocompatibility barrier. Theoretically, creation of patient-specific induced PSC lines would exhibit a complete histocompatibility antigen match. However, regardless of the PSC source, in vitro propagation and nonphysiologic differentiation may result in other, likely less powerful, mechanisms of immune rejection. In light of recent progress towards clinical application, this review focuses on two such potential immunologic mechanisms applicable to isogenic PSC derivates: namely, the immunogenicity of aberrant antigens resulting from long-term in vitro maintenance and alterations in immunologic properties due to rapid in vitro differentiation. These issues will be considered with attention to their relation to effector cells in the adult immune system. In addition, we highlight immunosuppressive approaches that could potentially address the immunogenicity of these proposed mechanisms.
AB - The potential to develop into any tissue makes pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) one of the most promising sources for cellular therapeutics. However, numerous hurdles exist to their clinical applications, three of the most concerning include the inability to separate therapeutic population from heterogeneously differentiated cultures, the risk of teratoma formation from residual pluripotent cells, and immunologic rejection of engrafted cells. The recent development of induced PSCs has been proposed as a solution to the histocompatibility barrier. Theoretically, creation of patient-specific induced PSC lines would exhibit a complete histocompatibility antigen match. However, regardless of the PSC source, in vitro propagation and nonphysiologic differentiation may result in other, likely less powerful, mechanisms of immune rejection. In light of recent progress towards clinical application, this review focuses on two such potential immunologic mechanisms applicable to isogenic PSC derivates: namely, the immunogenicity of aberrant antigens resulting from long-term in vitro maintenance and alterations in immunologic properties due to rapid in vitro differentiation. These issues will be considered with attention to their relation to effector cells in the adult immune system. In addition, we highlight immunosuppressive approaches that could potentially address the immunogenicity of these proposed mechanisms.
KW - Embryonic stem cells
KW - Immune modulation
KW - Immunogenicity
KW - Induced pluripotent stem cells
KW - Pluripotent stem cells
KW - Tissue regeneration
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U2 - 10.1007/s00281-011-0269-5
DO - 10.1007/s00281-011-0269-5
M3 - Review article
C2 - 21479877
AN - SCOPUS:81855194148
SN - 1863-2297
VL - 33
SP - 563
EP - 572
JO - Seminars in Immunopathology
JF - Seminars in Immunopathology
IS - 6
ER -