Primary radiotherapy in the treatment of stage I and II oral tongue cancers: Importance of the proportion of therapy delivered with interstitial therapy

From January 1963 through December 1979, 103 patients with Stage T₁N₀ and T₂N₀ squamous cell carcinomas of the oral tongue were treated with definitive radiotherapy. The primary was Stage T₁ in 18 patients and T₂ in 85 patients. Therapy to the primary consisted of interstitial therapy only in 18 patients, 16-37 Gy in 2.4-4.0 Gy fractions followed by interstitial therapy to doses of 38-55 Gy in 31 patients, external therapy of 40-50 Gy with interstitial therapy of 20-40 Gy in 46 patients, and external beam only to doses of 45-82 Gy in 8 patients. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 290 months (median 159 months). Five of the 8 patients treated with external therapy alone and 6 of the 18 patients treated with interstitial therapy failed at the primary site. In those patients treated with a combination of external and interstitial therapy the 2-year local control rate was 92% for patients treated with external therapy to doses of <40 Gy combined with a moderately high dose of brachytherapy, compared with 65% for patients who received external therapy to doses of ≥40 Gy with lower brachytherapy doses (p = .01). Conversely the risk of failure in the neck was directly related to the dose delivered by external beam therapy. In field recurrence occurred in 44% of patients receiving no therapy to the neck, 27% in those receiving <40 Gy, and 11% in those patients with neck treatment to ≥40 Gy. Eleven of 87 (13%) of patients who were at risk for complications for ≥24 months developed severe complications; severe complications were more likely to occur in the group who received most of their therapy with external beam irradiation. These data show that a high dose of interstitial therapy is necessary to secure optimum local control of early primary tongue cancer. Because of the high frequency of moderate to severe late complications in this series we have adopted a policy of initial surgery for most oral tongue cancers with postoperative radiotherapy if indicated by pathological features predictive of a high rate of local-regional failure.