Rapid, robust, and sustainable antibody responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in convalescent COVID-19 individuals

Sabrina E. Racine-Brzostek; Jim K. Yee; Ashley Sukhu; Yuqing Qiu; Sophie Rand; Paul D. Barone; Ying Hao; He S. Yang; Qing H. Meng; Fred S. Apple; Yuanyuan Shi; Amy Chadburn; Encouse Golden; Silvia C. Formenti; Melissa M. Cushing; Zhen Zhao

doi:10.1172/jci.insight.151477

Rapid, robust, and sustainable antibody responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in convalescent COVID-19 individuals

Sabrina E. Racine-Brzostek, Jim K. Yee, Ashley Sukhu, Yuqing Qiu, Sophie Rand, Paul D. Barone, Ying Hao, He S. Yang, Qing H. Meng, Fred S. Apple, Yuanyuan Shi, Amy Chadburn, Encouse Golden, Silvia C. Formenti, Melissa M. Cushing, Zhen Zhao

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

16 Scopus citations

Abstract

Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine antibody response under real-world conditions. This longitudinal study investigated the quantity and quality of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in 846 specimens from 350 patients, comparing BNT162b2- vaccinated individuals (19 previously diagnosed with COVID-19, termed RecoVax; and 49 never diagnosed, termed NaiveVax) with 122 hospitalized unvaccinated (HospNoVax) and 160 outpatient unvaccinated (OutPtNoVax) COVID-19 patients. NaiveVax experienced delay in generating SARSCoV- 2 total antibodies (TAb) and surrogate neutralizing antibodies (SNAb) after the first vaccine dose (D1) but rapid increase in antibody levels after the second dose (D2). However, these never reached RecoVax's robust levels. In fact, NaiveVax TAb and SNAb levels decreased 4 weeks after D2. For the most part, RecoVax TAb persisted, after reaching maximal levels 2 weeks after D2, but SNAb decreased significantly about 6 months after D1. Although NaiveVax avidity lagged behind that of RecoVax for most of the follow-up periods, NaiveVax did reach similar avidity by about 6 months after D1. These data suggest that 1 vaccine dose elicits maximal antibody response in RecoVax and may be sufficient. Also, despite decreasing levels in TAb and SNAb over time, long-term avidity may be a measure worth evaluating and possibly correlating to vaccine efficacy.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	e151477
Journal	JCI Insight
Volume	6
Issue number	20
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.151477
State	Published - Oct 22 2021
Externally published	Yes

ASJC Scopus subject areas

General Medicine

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10.1172/jci.insight.151477

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Racine-Brzostek, S. E., Yee, J. K., Sukhu, A., Qiu, Y., Rand, S., Barone, P. D., Hao, Y., Yang, H. S., Meng, Q. H., Apple, F. S., Shi, Y., Chadburn, A., Golden, E., Formenti, S. C., Cushing, M. M., & Zhao, Z. (2021). Rapid, robust, and sustainable antibody responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in convalescent COVID-19 individuals. JCI Insight, 6(20), Article e151477. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.151477

Racine-Brzostek, SE, Yee, JK, Sukhu, A, Qiu, Y, Rand, S, Barone, PD, Hao, Y, Yang, HS, Meng, QH, Apple, FS, Shi, Y, Chadburn, A, Golden, E, Formenti, SC, Cushing, MM & Zhao, Z 2021, 'Rapid, robust, and sustainable antibody responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in convalescent COVID-19 individuals', JCI Insight, vol. 6, no. 20, e151477. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.151477

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title = "Rapid, robust, and sustainable antibody responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in convalescent COVID-19 individuals",

abstract = "Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine antibody response under real-world conditions. This longitudinal study investigated the quantity and quality of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in 846 specimens from 350 patients, comparing BNT162b2- vaccinated individuals (19 previously diagnosed with COVID-19, termed RecoVax; and 49 never diagnosed, termed NaiveVax) with 122 hospitalized unvaccinated (HospNoVax) and 160 outpatient unvaccinated (OutPtNoVax) COVID-19 patients. NaiveVax experienced delay in generating SARSCoV- 2 total antibodies (TAb) and surrogate neutralizing antibodies (SNAb) after the first vaccine dose (D1) but rapid increase in antibody levels after the second dose (D2). However, these never reached RecoVax's robust levels. In fact, NaiveVax TAb and SNAb levels decreased 4 weeks after D2. For the most part, RecoVax TAb persisted, after reaching maximal levels 2 weeks after D2, but SNAb decreased significantly about 6 months after D1. Although NaiveVax avidity lagged behind that of RecoVax for most of the follow-up periods, NaiveVax did reach similar avidity by about 6 months after D1. These data suggest that 1 vaccine dose elicits maximal antibody response in RecoVax and may be sufficient. Also, despite decreasing levels in TAb and SNAb over time, long-term avidity may be a measure worth evaluating and possibly correlating to vaccine efficacy.",

author = "Racine-Brzostek, {Sabrina E.} and Yee, {Jim K.} and Ashley Sukhu and Yuqing Qiu and Sophie Rand and Barone, {Paul D.} and Ying Hao and Yang, {He S.} and Meng, {Qing H.} and Apple, {Fred S.} and Yuanyuan Shi and Amy Chadburn and Encouse Golden and Formenti, {Silvia C.} and Cushing, {Melissa M.} and Zhen Zhao",

note = "Funding Information: instruments from ET Healthcare and sponsored research funding from ET Healthcare and Roche Diagnostics. SERB has received sponsored research funding from Roche Diagnostics. Funding Information: This research was partially funded by a COVID-19 research grant from Weill Cornell Medicine (to MMC). The NYP-WELCOME study was supported by Weill Cornell Medicine Competitive Research Funding (to SCF). ET Healthcare provided instruments and reagents (to ZZ). Roche Diagnostics provided support via investigator initiated research funding (to SERB and ZZ). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021, Racine-Brzostek et al.",

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doi = "10.1172/jci.insight.151477",

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AU - Racine-Brzostek, Sabrina E.

AU - Yee, Jim K.

AU - Sukhu, Ashley

AU - Qiu, Yuqing

AU - Rand, Sophie

AU - Barone, Paul D.

AU - Hao, Ying

AU - Yang, He S.

AU - Meng, Qing H.

AU - Apple, Fred S.

AU - Shi, Yuanyuan

AU - Chadburn, Amy

AU - Golden, Encouse

AU - Formenti, Silvia C.

AU - Cushing, Melissa M.

AU - Zhao, Zhen

N1 - Funding Information: instruments from ET Healthcare and sponsored research funding from ET Healthcare and Roche Diagnostics. SERB has received sponsored research funding from Roche Diagnostics. Funding Information: This research was partially funded by a COVID-19 research grant from Weill Cornell Medicine (to MMC). The NYP-WELCOME study was supported by Weill Cornell Medicine Competitive Research Funding (to SCF). ET Healthcare provided instruments and reagents (to ZZ). Roche Diagnostics provided support via investigator initiated research funding (to SERB and ZZ). Publisher Copyright: © 2021, Racine-Brzostek et al.

PY - 2021/10/22

Y1 - 2021/10/22

N2 - Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine antibody response under real-world conditions. This longitudinal study investigated the quantity and quality of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in 846 specimens from 350 patients, comparing BNT162b2- vaccinated individuals (19 previously diagnosed with COVID-19, termed RecoVax; and 49 never diagnosed, termed NaiveVax) with 122 hospitalized unvaccinated (HospNoVax) and 160 outpatient unvaccinated (OutPtNoVax) COVID-19 patients. NaiveVax experienced delay in generating SARSCoV- 2 total antibodies (TAb) and surrogate neutralizing antibodies (SNAb) after the first vaccine dose (D1) but rapid increase in antibody levels after the second dose (D2). However, these never reached RecoVax's robust levels. In fact, NaiveVax TAb and SNAb levels decreased 4 weeks after D2. For the most part, RecoVax TAb persisted, after reaching maximal levels 2 weeks after D2, but SNAb decreased significantly about 6 months after D1. Although NaiveVax avidity lagged behind that of RecoVax for most of the follow-up periods, NaiveVax did reach similar avidity by about 6 months after D1. These data suggest that 1 vaccine dose elicits maximal antibody response in RecoVax and may be sufficient. Also, despite decreasing levels in TAb and SNAb over time, long-term avidity may be a measure worth evaluating and possibly correlating to vaccine efficacy.

AB - Longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine antibody response under real-world conditions. This longitudinal study investigated the quantity and quality of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in 846 specimens from 350 patients, comparing BNT162b2- vaccinated individuals (19 previously diagnosed with COVID-19, termed RecoVax; and 49 never diagnosed, termed NaiveVax) with 122 hospitalized unvaccinated (HospNoVax) and 160 outpatient unvaccinated (OutPtNoVax) COVID-19 patients. NaiveVax experienced delay in generating SARSCoV- 2 total antibodies (TAb) and surrogate neutralizing antibodies (SNAb) after the first vaccine dose (D1) but rapid increase in antibody levels after the second dose (D2). However, these never reached RecoVax's robust levels. In fact, NaiveVax TAb and SNAb levels decreased 4 weeks after D2. For the most part, RecoVax TAb persisted, after reaching maximal levels 2 weeks after D2, but SNAb decreased significantly about 6 months after D1. Although NaiveVax avidity lagged behind that of RecoVax for most of the follow-up periods, NaiveVax did reach similar avidity by about 6 months after D1. These data suggest that 1 vaccine dose elicits maximal antibody response in RecoVax and may be sufficient. Also, despite decreasing levels in TAb and SNAb over time, long-term avidity may be a measure worth evaluating and possibly correlating to vaccine efficacy.

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Rapid, robust, and sustainable antibody responses to mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in convalescent COVID-19 individuals

Abstract

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