TY - JOUR
T1 - Rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms
T2 - what the radiologists should know
AU - Virarkar, Mayur
AU - Gopireddy, Dheeraj R.
AU - Morani, Ajaykumar C.
AU - Alkhasawneh, Ahmad
AU - Klimkowski, Sergio Piotr
AU - Kumar, Sindhu
AU - Lall, Chandana
AU - Bhosale, Priya
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2022/12
Y1 - 2022/12
N2 - Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the rectum (R-NENs) are rare; however, their incidence has increased almost threefold in the last few decades. Imaging of R-NENs includes two primary categories: anatomic/morphologic imaging comprised of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functional/molecular imaging comprising of planar scintigraphy, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). The management depends on stage, dimension, atypical features, histological grade, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI). Low-risk local R-NENs can be resected endoscopically, and high-risk or locally advanced neoplasms can be treated with radical surgery and lymphadenectomy and/or chemoradiation. The review article focuses on imaging illustrations and discusses applications of different imaging modalities in diagnosing and managing R-NENs. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
AB - Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the rectum (R-NENs) are rare; however, their incidence has increased almost threefold in the last few decades. Imaging of R-NENs includes two primary categories: anatomic/morphologic imaging comprised of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functional/molecular imaging comprising of planar scintigraphy, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET). The management depends on stage, dimension, atypical features, histological grade, and lymphovascular invasion (LVI). Low-risk local R-NENs can be resected endoscopically, and high-risk or locally advanced neoplasms can be treated with radical surgery and lymphadenectomy and/or chemoradiation. The review article focuses on imaging illustrations and discusses applications of different imaging modalities in diagnosing and managing R-NENs. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
KW - Carcinoid
KW - Neoplasm
KW - Neuroendocrine
KW - Rectum
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85126381734&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85126381734&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s00261-022-03474-9
DO - 10.1007/s00261-022-03474-9
M3 - Review article
C2 - 35288791
AN - SCOPUS:85126381734
SN - 2366-004X
VL - 47
SP - 4016
EP - 4031
JO - Abdominal Radiology
JF - Abdominal Radiology
IS - 12
ER -