Shear stress-induced von willebrand factor binding to platelet glycoprotein Ib initiates calcium influx associated with aggregation

Platelets subjected to elevated levels of fluid shear stress in the absence of exogenous agonists will aggregate. Shear stress-induced aggregation requires von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimers, extracellular calcium (Ca²⁺), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and platelet membrane glycoprotein (GP)Ib and GPIIb-IIIa. The sequence of interaction of vWF multimers with platelet surface receptors and the effect of these interactions on platelet activation have not been determined. To elucidate the mechanism of shear stress-induced platelet aggregation, suspensions of washed platelets were subjected to different levels of uniform shear stress (15 to 120 dyne/cm²) in an optically modified cone and plate viscometer. Cytoplasmic ionized calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) and aggregation of platelets were monitored simultaneously during the application of shear stress; [Ca²⁺]_i was measured using indo-1 loaded platelets and aggregation was measured as changes in light transmission. Basal [Ca²⁺]_i was approximately 60 to 100 nmol/L. An increase of [Ca²⁺]_i (up to > 1,000 nmol/L) was accompanied by synchronous aggregation, and both responses were dependent on the shear force and the presence of vWF multimers. EGTA chelation of extracellular Ca²⁺ completely inhibited vWF-mediated [Ca²⁺]_i and aggregation responses to shear stress. Aurin tricarboxylic acid, which blocks the GPIb recognition site on the vWF monomer, and 6D1, a monoclonal antibody to GPIb, also completely inhibited platelet responses to shear stress. The tetrapeptide RGDS and the monoclonal antibody 10E5, which inhibit vWF binding to GPIIb-IIIa, partially inhibited shear stress-induced [Ca²⁺]_i and aggregation responses. The combination of creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase, which converts ADP to adenosine triphosphate and blocks the effect of ADP released from stimulated platelets, inhibited shear stress-induced platelet aggregation without affecting the increase of [Ca²⁺]_i. Neither the [Ca²⁺]_i nor aggregation response to shear stress was inhibited by blocking platelet cyclooxygenase metabolism with acetylsalicylic acid. These results indicate that GPIb and extracellular Ca²⁺ are absolutely required for vWF-mediated [Ca²⁺]_i and aggregation responses to imposed shear stress, and that the interaction of vWF multimers with GPIIb-IIIa potentiates these responses. Shear stress-induced elevation of platelet [Ca²⁺]_i, but not aggregation, is independent of the effects of released ADP, and both responses occur independently of platelet cyclooxygenase metabolism. These results suggest that shear stress induces the binding of vWF multimers to platelet GPIb and this vWF-GPIb interaction causes an increase of [Ca²⁺]_i and platelet aggregation, both of which are potentiated by vWF binding to the platelet GPIIb-IIIa complex.