Single-Compartment Dose Prescriptions for Ablative ⁹⁰Y-Radioembolization Segmentectomy

Background: Yttrium-90 (⁹⁰Y) radioembolization is increasingly being utilized with curative intent. While single-compartment doses with respect to the perfused volume for the complete pathologic necrosis (CPN) of tumors have been reported, the actual doses delivered to the tumor and at-risk margins that leads to CPN have hitherto not been estimated. We present an ablative dosimetry model that calculates the dose distribution for tumors and at-risk margins based on numerical mm-scale dose modeling and the available clinical CPN evidence and report on the necessary dose metrics needed to achieve CPN following ⁹⁰Y-radioembolization. Methods: Three-dimensional (3D) activity distributions (MBq/voxel) simulating spherical tumors were modeled with a 121 × 121 × 121 mm³ soft tissue volume (1 mm³ voxels). Then, 3D dose distributions (Gy/voxel) were estimated by convolving 3D activity distributions with a ⁹⁰Y 3D dose kernel (Gy/MBq) sized 61 × 61 × 61 mm³ (1 mm³ voxels). Based on the published data on single-compartment segmental doses for the resected liver samples of HCC tumors showing CPN after radiation segmentectomy, the nominal voxel-based mean tumor dose ((Formula presented.)), point dose at tumor rim ((Formula presented.)), and point dose 2 mm beyond the tumor boundary ((Formula presented.)), which are necessary to achieve CPN, were calculated. The single-compartment dose prescriptions to required achieve CPN were then analytically modeled for more general cases of tumors with diameters (Formula presented.) = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 cm and with tumor-to-normal-liver uptake ratios (Formula presented.) = 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, and 5:1. Results: The nominal case defined to estimate the doses needed for CPN, based on the previously published clinical data, was a single hyperperfused tumor with a diameter of 2.5 cm and (Formula presented.) = 3:1, treated with a single-compartment segmental dose of 400 Gy. The voxel-level doses necessary to achieve CPN were 1053 Gy for the mean tumor dose, 860 Gy for the point dose at the tumor boundary, and 561 Gy for the point dose at 2 mm beyond the tumor edge. The single-compartment segmental doses necessary to satisfy the criteria for CPN in terms of the mean tumor dose, point dose at the tumor boundary, and the point dose at 2 mm beyond the tumor edge were tabulated for a range of tumor diameters and tumor-to-normal-liver uptake ratios. Conclusions: The analytical functions that describe the relevant dose metrics for CPN and, more importantly, the single-compartment dose prescriptions for the perfused volume needed to achieve CPN are reported for a large range of conditions in terms of tumor diameters (1–7 cm) and (Formula presented.) uptake ratios (2:1–5:1).