TY - JOUR
T1 - Smoking, quitting, and mortality in a Chinese cohort of retired men
AU - Lam, Tai Hing
AU - He, Yao
AU - Shi, Qiu Ling
AU - Huang, Jiu Yi
AU - Zhang, Fang
AU - Wan, Zhi Heng
AU - Sun, Chang Sheng
AU - Li, Liang Shou
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was funded by the Committee on Research and Conference Grants, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China and the Ministry of Public Health of People's Liberation Army, China (98H035). Dr. Yao He was supported by the Sen Yat Sen Visitorship and Cheng Yu Tung Fellowship, Dr. J.Y. Huang by the Sen Yat Sen Visitorship, and Dr Q.L. Shi by Ivy Wu Fellowship, all these visitorships and fellowships were granted by the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Hong Kong. We thank the doctors of the retirement centers for their assistance. We also thank Miss S.Y. Chan and Miss Marie Chi for clerical assistance.
PY - 2002
Y1 - 2002
N2 - PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between smoking, quitting, and mortality in older Chinese men. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cohort analytic study was carried out in Xi'an, China. A total of 1268 retired male military cadres aged 60 or older were examined in 1987 and followed for 12 years. RESULTS: At baseline, 388 men were never-smokers, 461 were former smokers, and 419 were current smokers. Through May 1999, a total of 299 had died. The relative risks [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for ever-smoking, after adjusting for age, blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, alcohol drinking, exercise and existing diseases, for deaths resulting from all causes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and coronary heart disease (CHD) were, respectively, 1.34 (1.02-1.76), 3.23 (0.95-10.91), 2.31 (0.95-5.61), and 1.60 (0.81-3.19). The risks increased significantly with increasing amount and duration of smoking. Compared with current smokers, former smokers had lower risks of total mortality (excess risk reduction of 56%) and from CHD death, but had higher risks for COPD death. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is a major cause of death in older Chinese and quitting can save lives. Early recognition of the significance of COPD symptoms followed by prompt quitting should be emphasized in the control of the growing tobacco epidemic.
AB - PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between smoking, quitting, and mortality in older Chinese men. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cohort analytic study was carried out in Xi'an, China. A total of 1268 retired male military cadres aged 60 or older were examined in 1987 and followed for 12 years. RESULTS: At baseline, 388 men were never-smokers, 461 were former smokers, and 419 were current smokers. Through May 1999, a total of 299 had died. The relative risks [95% confidence intervals (CI)] for ever-smoking, after adjusting for age, blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, alcohol drinking, exercise and existing diseases, for deaths resulting from all causes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and coronary heart disease (CHD) were, respectively, 1.34 (1.02-1.76), 3.23 (0.95-10.91), 2.31 (0.95-5.61), and 1.60 (0.81-3.19). The risks increased significantly with increasing amount and duration of smoking. Compared with current smokers, former smokers had lower risks of total mortality (excess risk reduction of 56%) and from CHD death, but had higher risks for COPD death. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is a major cause of death in older Chinese and quitting can save lives. Early recognition of the significance of COPD symptoms followed by prompt quitting should be emphasized in the control of the growing tobacco epidemic.
KW - Chinese
KW - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
KW - Mortality
KW - Smoking
KW - Smoking Cessation
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U2 - 10.1016/S1047-2797(01)00258-7
DO - 10.1016/S1047-2797(01)00258-7
M3 - Article
C2 - 12062918
AN - SCOPUS:0036284064
SN - 1047-2797
VL - 12
SP - 316
EP - 320
JO - Annals of epidemiology
JF - Annals of epidemiology
IS - 5
ER -