Studying the Implementation of Exercise Oncology Interventions: A Path Forward

Introduction/Purpose: Extensive scientific evidence supports exercise benefits after a cancer diagnosis, and the field now needs to focus on elucidating effective strategies for implementing exercise evidence-based interventions (EBIs) for cancer survivors. Methods: This article brings together three implementation efforts to describe pragmatic observations and strategies when implementing exercise oncology EBIs in nonresearch settings. From these projects, we report on common implementation barriers and facilitators. We then mapped these observations and strategies on to the phases and processes described in the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and Sustainment framework. Results: The first implementation project used key stakeholders’ perspectives to develop a toolkit to implement Better Exercise Adherence after Treatment for Cancer, a self-managed intervention led by fitness professionals. The second project adapted a physical activity behavior change intervention (Active Living after Cancer) for use in the broader community. The third project adapted an in-person exercise intervention in a community setting (Physical Activity and Lymphedema) into an outpatient rehabilitation setting, including home-based intervention elements (Strength after Breast Cancer). We retrospectively collated and operationalized the implementation strategies based on the Experts Recommending Implementation Change study. The most common implementation barriers were related to funding, organizational capacity and training, relationship building, patient referral, and engagement with patients. Conclusions: These implementation strategies provide initial starting points for the implementation of exercise oncology EBIs in clinical and community settings while also serving as examples for future implementation research to advance the translation of exercise oncology evidence.