The Acute Complications After Surgery for Penile Carcinoma and Strategies for Their Management: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Objectives: To investigate the contemporary rates of 30-day complications after surgery for penile cancer and to discuss the currently used preventative and therapeutic practices aimed at mitigation of these postoperative adverse events. Data Sources: A systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was performed, and studies reporting on the contemporary rates, nature, or management of acute complications following primary penile surgery or inguinal lymph node dissection for penile cancer were abstracted. Medline (PubMed) and EMBASE libraries were used to retrieve the articles published between January 1984 and December 2021 (n = 170 articles). Ultimately, 38 articles were included. The primary outcome of interest was 30-day (acute) postoperative complications, stratified by those associated with treatment of the primary penile lesion and those with inguinal lymph node dissection. Risk of bias assessment was undertaken. Special attention was paid to studies reporting management strategies for these complications. Conclusion: This comprehensive review revealed that the quality of existing studies reporting on complications is poor and the risk of bias is high. Within these studies, the rates of acute complications following primary penile surgery and inguinal lymph node dissection ranged between 0% and 29.4% and 6% and 90%, respectively. More than 50% of these complications were wound related. Over the past two decades, several studies have reported on improved surgical techniques and protocolized postsurgical care pathways. Although the newer techniques have been associated with improved outcomes, the absolute rates of complications have remained high even in the most contemporary series. Therefore, there is an urgent need for health care providers and stakeholders to reach consensus regarding preoperative workup and medical optimization goals, stage appropriate therapies, and postoperative care pathways, as has been done for other malignancies associated with high morbidity. Implications for Nursing Practice: Penile cancer is a disease of the elderly, and surgical management of the primary lesion or the groins is associated with a high rate of complications. Most complications are wound related. Meticulous surgical technique and careful postoperative monitoring with early intervention are keys to mitigating surgery-related morbidity. However, equally important is dissemination and adoption of these principles by all health care workers universally.