@article{0b225e2236a04fc097f095963750610d,
title = "The importance of exposure rate on odds ratios by cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption for esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in the Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium",
abstract = "Background: Cigarette smoking is associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), esophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma (EGJA) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and alcohol consumption with ESCC. However, no analyses have examined how delivery rate modifies the strength of odds ratio (OR) trends with total exposure, i.e., the impact on the OR for a fixed total exposure of high exposure rate for short duration compared with low exposure rate for long duration. Methods: The authors pooled data from 12 case-control studies from the Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium (BEACON), including 1242 (EAC), 1263 (EGJA) and 954 (ESCC) cases and 7053 controls, modeled joint ORs for cumulative exposure and exposure rate for cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, and evaluated effect modification by sex, body mass index (BMI), age and self-reported acid reflux. Results: For smoking, all sites exhibited inverse delivery rate effects, whereby ORs with pack-years increased, but trends weakened with increasing cigarettes/day. None of the examined factors modified associations, except for ESCC where younger ages at diagnosis enhanced smoking effects (P< 0.01). For EAC and EGJA, ORs with drink-years exhibited inverse associations in <5. drinks/day consumers and no association in heavier consumers. For ESCC, ORs with drink-years increased, with trends strengthening with greater drinks/day. There was no significant effect modification, except for EAC and EGJA where acid reflux mitigated the inverse associations (P= 0.02). For ESCC, younger ages at diagnosis enhanced drinking-related ORs (P< 0.01). Conclusions: Patterns of ORs by pack-years and drink-years, delivery rate effects and effect modifiers revealed common as well as distinct etiologic elements for these diseases.",
keywords = "Alcohol drinking, Risk model, Smoking",
author = "Lubin, {Jay H.} and Cook, {Michael B.} and Nirmala Pandeya and Vaughan, {Thomas L.} and Abnet, {Christian C.} and Carol Giffen and Webb, {Penelope M.} and Murray, {Liam J.} and Casson, {Alan G.} and Risch, {Harvey A.} and Weimin Ye and Farin Kamangar and Leslie Bernstein and Linda Sharp and Olof Nyr{\'e}n and Gammon, {Marilie D.} and Corley, {Douglas A.} and Wu, {Anna H.} and Brown, {Linda M.} and Chow, {Wong Ho} and Ward, {Mary H.} and Freedman, {Neal D.} and Whiteman, {David C.}",
note = "Funding Information: Drs. Abnet, Chow, Cook, Freedman, Kamangar, Lubin and Ward were supported by the Intramural Program of the National Institutes of Health . The Population Health Study was funded by the Intramural Program of the National Institutes of Health . The Larynx, Esophagus, and Oral Cavity (LEO) Study was funded by grants R01-CA30022 and R37-CA41530 (both awarded to TLV, David Thomas, Scott Davis, Bonnie Worthington Roberts, Ruth Little, and Mary Rogers). The US Multi-Center Study was funded by grants U01-CA57949 (awarded to TLV), U01-CA57983 (awarded to MDG), and U01-CA57923 (awarded to HAR). The Swedish Esophageal Cancer Study was funded by grant number R01 CA57947-03 (awarded to ON and Hans-Olov Adami). The United Kingdom Study of Oesophageal Cancer in Women was funded by Chief Scientist Office (Scotland) (awarded to Patricia McKinney), the LORS (East Anglia) (awarded to Nick E. Day), Special Trustees of the Nottingham University Hospitals (awarded to Clair Chilvers), and the Medical Research Council (awarded to Paula Cook Mozaffari). The Los Angeles County Multi-ethnic Case–control Study was funded by grants 3RT-0122 ({\textquoteleft}Smoking and Risk of Proximal vs. Distal Gastric Cancer{\textquoteright}, awarded to AHW) and 10RT-0251 ({\textquoteleft}smoking, microsatellite instability & gastric cancers{\textquoteright}, awarded to AHW) from the California Tobacco Related Research Program and grant CA59636 (awarded to LB) from the National Cancer Institute . The Nebraska Health Study was funded by the Intramural Program of the National Institutes of Health . The Nova Scotia Barrett Esophagus Study was supported by the Nova Scotia Health Research Foundation ({\textquoteleft}Molecular mechanisms and lifestyle risk factor interactions in the pathogenesis of human esophageal adenocarcinoma{\textquoteright}, N419, awarded to AGC). The Factors Influencing the Barrett's Adenocarcinoma Relationship (FINBAR) study was funded by an Ireland-Northern Ireland Co-operation Research Project Grant sponsored by the Northern Ireland Research & Development Office , and the Health Research Board, Ireland (All-Ireland case–control study of Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma and Barrett's Oesophagus, awarded to LJM and Harry Comber). The Australian Cancer Study was supported by the Queensland Cancer Fund and the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia (Program no. 199600, awarded to David C. Whiteman, Adele C. Green, Nicholas K. Hayward, Peter G. Parsons, David M. Purdie, and Penelope M. Webb). Dr. Whiteman is funded by a Future Fellowship from the Australian Research Council and Drs. Webb and Pandeya are funded by NHMRC Research Fellowships . NIH-AARP was funded by the Intramural Program of the National Institutes of Health . Reported analyses with the Kaiser-Permanente Multiphasic Health Checkup Study were funded by NIH grant number R01 DK063616 (Epidemiology and Incidence of Barrett's Esophagus, Kaiser Permanente, awarded to DAC) and NIH grant R21DKO77742 (Barrett's Esophagus: Risk Factors in Women, awarded to DAC and Nicholas J. Shaheen). ",
year = "2012",
month = jun,
doi = "10.1016/j.canep.2012.03.001",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "36",
pages = "306--316",
journal = "Cancer Epidemiology",
issn = "1877-7821",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
number = "3",
}