Tissue Monitoring with Three-Wavelength Light Emitting Diode-Based Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Background Flap monitoring with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) facilitates early detection of vascular compromise. However, standard NIRS devices that employ two wavelengths of light to assess tissue oxygenation (StO₂) are susceptible to artifact from background noise and demonstrate significant variability in the clinical setting. As the number of wavelengths detected by a NIRS device is increased, the precision of StO₂ measurements can be improved and additional chromophores other than oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin can be measured. A three-wavelength light emitting diode NIRS device (Artinis, Zetten, the Netherlands) that also detects cytochrome aa₃ , a measure of intracellular oxygen demand, was compared with the standard two-wavelength device commonly used for flap monitoring (ViOptix device, ViOptix Inc., Freemont, CA) to determine if there is an improvement in the precision of tissue oxygen measurements. Methods ViOptix and Artinis were applied to the forearms of human volunteers (n = 15) and a blood pressure cuff was placed around the upper arm to occlude arterial and venous flow. StO₂ measurements were obtained from both devices. Artinis also yielded cytochrome aa₃ oxidation state measurements. Results StO₂ measurements from both devices were proportionate during ischemia (R ² = 0.79, p < 0.01). Monte Carlo stimulation showed Artinis outperformed ViOptix (p < 0.01) as a measure of change in StO₂ during ischemia. Artinis did not detect a reduction in cytochrome aa₃ associated with the decrease in StO₂ during ischemia. Conclusion The addition of a third wavelength to NIRS monitoring may improve the precision of StO₂ trend monitoring. However, the three-wavelength device lacked the sensitivity to reliably measure changes in cytochrome aa₃