TY - JOUR
T1 - Uncovering Phenotypes in Mutant Mice by Determining Embryo, Organ, Tissue, and Cell Developmental Potential
AU - Papaioannou, Virginia E.
AU - Behringer, Richard R.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
PY - 2024/1
Y1 - 2024/1
N2 - The death of an embryo during gestation does not necessarily preclude the study of the mutant embryo or the developmental potential of its individual cells, tissues, or organs. Whole-embryo in vitro culture prior to the time of death will allow real-time observation of living embryos and direct comparisons with controls. Organ anlage can be removed from embryos and cultured in vitro beyond the time of death of the whole embryo. In both whole embryos and organ anlage culture, fluorescent protein reporters may be used productively to follow cell types or specific gene expression changes. Some cells, such as hematopoietic cells, and organ anlage, may be suitable for transplantation to wild-type hosts for further analysis of their potential. Additionally, cell lines, including embryonic stem (ES) cells, trophoblast stem (TS) cells, extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) stem cells, and epiblast-derived stem cells (EpiSC), can be derived from mutant embryos to reveal the potential of the mutant cells outside the context of the whole organism. Mutant stem cells or even whole mutant embryos can be used to test potential in chimeras or in teratomas.
AB - The death of an embryo during gestation does not necessarily preclude the study of the mutant embryo or the developmental potential of its individual cells, tissues, or organs. Whole-embryo in vitro culture prior to the time of death will allow real-time observation of living embryos and direct comparisons with controls. Organ anlage can be removed from embryos and cultured in vitro beyond the time of death of the whole embryo. In both whole embryos and organ anlage culture, fluorescent protein reporters may be used productively to follow cell types or specific gene expression changes. Some cells, such as hematopoietic cells, and organ anlage, may be suitable for transplantation to wild-type hosts for further analysis of their potential. Additionally, cell lines, including embryonic stem (ES) cells, trophoblast stem (TS) cells, extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) stem cells, and epiblast-derived stem cells (EpiSC), can be derived from mutant embryos to reveal the potential of the mutant cells outside the context of the whole organism. Mutant stem cells or even whole mutant embryos can be used to test potential in chimeras or in teratomas.
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U2 - 10.1101/pdb.over107974
DO - 10.1101/pdb.over107974
M3 - Review article
C2 - 37932085
AN - SCOPUS:85181584365
SN - 1940-3402
VL - 2024
JO - Cold Spring Harbor protocols
JF - Cold Spring Harbor protocols
IS - 1
ER -